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Counterfactual thinking
Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. Counterfactual thinking is exactly as it states: "counter to the facts." These thoughts consist of the "What if?" and the "If I had only..." that occur when thinking of how things could have turned out differently. Counterfactual thoughts are things that could never possibly happen in reality, because they solely pertain to events that have occurred in the past.〔
==Overview==
''Counterfactual'' literally means contrary to the facts.〔Roese and Olson (1995) "Counterfactual Thinking - A Critical Overview"〕 A counterfactual thought occurs when a person modifies a factual prior event and then assesses the consequences of that change. A person may imagine how an outcome could have turned out differently, if the antecedents that led to that event were different. For example, a person may reflect upon how a car accident could have turned out by imagining how some of the factors could have been different, for example, ''If only I hadn't been speeding...''. These alternatives can be better or worse than the actual situation, and in turn give improved or more disastrous possible outcomes, ''If only I hadn't been speeding, my car wouldn't have been wrecked'' or ''If I hadn't been wearing a seatbelt, I would have been killed''.〔Roese, N.J. & Olson, J.M. (1995). ''What Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking''. New Jersey: Erlbaum.〕
Counterfactual thoughts have been shown to produce negative emotions, however they may also produce functional or beneficial effects. Ideas that create a more negative outcome are ''downward'' counterfactuals and those thoughts that create a more positive outcome are considered ''upward'' counterfactuals.〔 These counterfactual thoughts, or thoughts of what could have happened, can affect people's emotions, such as causing them to experience regret, guilt, relief, or satisfaction. They can also affect how they view social situations, such as who deserves blame and responsibility.〔Markman, K.; Klein, W.; & Suhr, E. (2009). ''Handbook of mental simulation and human imagination''. Hove, Psychology Press.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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